In 1979, Margaret Hilda Thatcher was elected the first woman prime minister of UK

1. In 1979, Margaret Hilda Thatcher was elected the first woman prime minister of UK. In 1991, Thatcher received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from first president George Bush. Because of her strong conservative policies, Thatcher is known as "Iron Lady."

18-35% of the population experience uncontrolled sneezing upon dramatic changes in light intensity

1. Photic sneeze reflex is a hereditary (autosomal dominant) condition which affects 18-35% of the population. People with this condition experience uncontrolled sneezing upon dramatic changes in light intensity.

Justin Bieber was discovered after a video of him singing Chris Brown's "With You" went viral on YouTube

1. The YouTube video of Justin Bieber singing Chris Brown's "With You" is what catapulted him into stardom.

Cartography is the study of making and drawing maps

1. Cartography is the study of making and drawing maps.

Competence is inversely proportional to confidence

1. The Dunning–Kruger effect is a psychological phenomenon in which lower skilled people tend to suffer from the illusion of superiority, consistently rating their abilities as "above average." This effect has popularized the phrase: "competence is inversely proportional to confidence." In one example, 87% of Stanford MBA students rated themselves in the top 50% of their peers.
In my opinion, it would be interesting to observe the career outcomes of this population both based on their actual rank among peers (competence) and their perceived rank among their peers (confidence) and see the interplay of these variables in determining success. In other words, are less confident people with more competence relatively more successful or is high confidence level enough to a certain extend in compensating for their relative "incompetence" and providing a psychological frame-work for overall success? After-all, the surveyed population is Stanford MBA students, they do all have some baseline competence that is probably above general average.
Of an interesting note, when individuals are given exceedingly difficult tasks, they tend to underestimate their competence.

A Coplin jar is named after the American physician William Coplin.

1. A Coplin jar, named after the American physician William M. L. Coplin, is a rectangular vessel used for holding and rinsing microscope slides.

A bolo tie is a type of necktie consisting of a piece of cord with decorative metal tips secured with an ornamental clasp or slide

1. A bolo tie is a type of necktie consisting of a piece of cord with decorative metal tips secured with an ornamental clasp or slide.

The Atkins diet is based on a paper by Walter Bloom and Gordon Azar called "Similarities of Carbohydrate Deficiency and Fasting"

1. In 1972 Dr. Robert Atkins (MD) wrote a book called Dr. Atkins' Diet Revolution where he introduced his Atkins Nutritional Approach (better known as the Atkins Diet). The diet is based on a research paper Dr. Atkins read in the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA). The original paper, written by Walter Bloom or Gordon Azar is called "Similarities of Carbohydrate Deficiency and Fasting"

portmanteau is a blending of two words to make a new one (i.e. smog is blending of words smoke and fog)

1. smog is a word formed by blending of the words that make up smog: smoke and fog. This type of word is called a portmanteau.

João Havelange, FIFA president from 1974-98, is said to have profited $50million in a "cash-for-contracts" scheme

1. Jean-Marie Faustin Goedefroid de Havelange, João Havelange, was the longest serving president of Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). Havelange served from 1974 to 1998 (24 years). He has been accused of personally profiting more than fifty-million dollars in bribes for handing out FIFA's contracts to specific companies in a "cash-for-contracts" scheme.

The Khmer Rouge, "the Red Cambodians," was the name given to the followers of the Communist Party of Kampuchea, the ruling party in Cambodia from 1975 to 1979

1. The Khmer Rouge, "the Red Cambodians," was the name given to the followers of the Communist Party of Kampuchea, the ruling party in Cambodia from 1975 to 1979. During this time The Rouge committed a number of genocides.